The Last Storyteller Essay Example for Free

The Last Storyteller Essay Before the Europeans colonized America various clans of Native Americas designated narrators to keep the clans history alive. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†, by Sherman Alexie an odd kid named Thomas Builds-the-Fire holds the title of narrator. This short story is about an excursion Thomas takes with his old companion Victor to guarantee Victor’s father’s remains from Phoenix, Arizona and take them back to their booking in Spokane. The story eventually depicts the strain among Victors and Thomas’s fellowship. Alexie utilizes Thomas and his fellowship with Victor to show that not every person fits in with what we call the normal practices. Thomas Builds-the-Fire is unique in relation to different young men from his booking. In the initial scene Victor is remaining in line at the exchanging post. He has a hundred dollar check close by to cover go costs to discover his dad when he sees Thomas at a magazine rack. At the point when Thomas approaches Victor and they start a discussion about his dad. All the Indians at the exchanging post are shocked Victor is really conversing with him. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† point of view is appeared by â€Å"All different Indians gazed, shocked that Victor was in any event, conversing with Thomas. No one conversed with Thomas any longer since he recounted to a similar damn stories again and again again† (Alexie 171). This is the point at which we first discover that Thomas isn't acknowledged by his by his own kin and is viewed as an untouchable. Thomas isn't paid attention to and isn't listened too on the grounds that he appreciates describin g story’s of his clans past. Thomas makes a suggestion to Victor consenting to help with costs for his excursion to recover his father’s remains on the off chance that he is permitted to come. Victor hesitantly consents to Thomas’s terms. The young men sat close to one another on the trip alongside a small white lady who had the seat by the window. Thomas starts a discussion with the lady in spite of Victor’s shame. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† character is appeared by â€Å"â€Å"Excuse me, miss,† Thomas inquired. â€Å"Are you an acrobat or something†Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexie 173)? Thomas is out spoken and isn't apprehensive about being humiliated not normal for Victor who is sitting unobtrusively trusting Thomas will stop. Victor in the end rings in toward the end however it is Thomas’s bluntness that began the discussion. In this scene not exclusively does the creator show that Thomas is extraordinary yet that the tumbler is unordinary also. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† character is appeared by â€Å"She was occupied with contorting her body into pretzels. She was flexible† (Alexie 173). A great many people on a plane would think that its somewhat awkward to be sitting close to somebody distorting their body! When Thomas and Victor had recovered Victor’s dad’s remains they headed to the bank and recovered the 300 dollars from his dads account. While out and about back to there old neighborhood Spokane Victor relates the tale of when Thomas flew. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† point of view is indicated when â€Å"Once, he hopped off the top of the ancestral school and fluttered his arms like an insane bird. What's more, he flew. For a subsequent he drifted, suspended over the various Indian young men, who were excessively brilliant or to terrified to bounce too† (Alexie 175). Thomas fell and broke his arm in two spots, yet Thomas did what no other kid would do, despite the fact that they all wished as well. This isn't something numerous individuals would do yet the creator utilizes this to show that Thomas isn't influenced by different people’s assessments. While the young men pass through Nevada the scene is depicted. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† setting is indicated when â€Å"Thomas and Victor had been astounded at the absence of creature life, at the nonattendance of water, of movement† (Alexie 176). The setting of Nevada is ruined and aristocrat of life. There are once in a while any creatures that are seen during the day. Since Nevada is one major desert the greater part of the creatures are nighttime they come out after the sun has set and the abusive warmth has lived. The image of the Nevada desert is utilized to portray the sentiment of being distant from everyone else. The setting is utilized to show the sentiment of being distant from everyone else and how the two young men are encountering it. Alexia prevails with regards to depicting a message about not adjusting to accepted practices in her short story â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†. All through the story Thomas shows that he is unique and that he isn’t going to change for anyone. Thomas in spite of being confronted with numerous difficulties, decisions, torments and in any event, being beat up never wavered in his convictions. Being extraordinary and not adjusting the accepted practices isn't a simple thing for individuals to do and this is the thing that Alexia was attempting to depict.

The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception Essay Example

The job of base up and top down procedures in visual observation Paper Hypotheses of recognition will in general clarify how the visual framework works as far as two sorts of procedures: base up, information driven ones, that are pre-mindful, and are a result of how the sensory system is organized and top down or idea driven procedures which depend on understanding, surmising and desires. Aside from the retina, the remainder of the visual framework has two way associations ( for instance the transaction between the parallel geniculate cores and the visual cortex), and in this manner top down handling is an undeniable ramifications of the way in which the human life systems is sorted out. Gestalt therapists have depicted how we sort out sensation to see separate articles: and have built up various principles for figure ground association. The essential laws of Gestalt are: vicinity, likeness, conclusion, and great continuation. Be that as it may, physiological proof for the inner presence of their laws (which they named isomorphism and accepted to be founded on electrical fields in the mind) has not been found. Lashley et al (1951; refered to in Eysenck, M. 1998) couldn't influence vision by disturbing the electrical fields in the cortex of monkeys. In any case, the gathering hypotheses that they have portrayed happen in observation even at brief spans of under 100 m/s, this proposes they should be a base up process. We will compose a custom paper test on The job of base up and top down procedures in visual observation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The job of base up and top down procedures in visual discernment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The job of base up and top down procedures in visual recognition explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Layout hypotheses recommend that duplicates of the items are put away in the drawn out memory, which are coordinated against to create design acknowledgment. This hypothesis is totally idea driven, and along these lines just those items put away in memory can be seen and novel articles can't be seen by any means. Since one item needs different layouts to speak to all the various shapes and sizes that come about because of review a 3D object, it requires a practically endless quantities of formats to be put away, and got to. Highlight scholars take care of the issue by breaking a picture into fundamental highlights, which are contrasted and comparable examples in the memory. Supposed component finders, distinguished by Hubel and Weisel(1959, 1968) as single cortical cells, recognize specific(simple) includes in their responsive field, for example, bends, edges, or straight edges. Other complex cells react to points, or development and procedure the data on an alternate level, each level adding another layer of modernity to the visual boost. Encapsulated by Selfridges mayhem model, include net models clarify discernment totally as far as information driven procedures. They don't represent the intricacy of a human situation, or clarify the significance of setting. The two methodologies are bound together in a bi-directional model of example acknowledgment, for example, that offered by Mcclelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton (1986; refered to in Gleitman 1999). This framework offers answers where there is equivocalness, and bi-directional restraint of elective finders clarifies why preparing impacts bring about quicker response times. This model starts with an information driven theory, which makes the visual framework increasingly touchy to information from highlight identifiers. The significant distinction is that each level is fit for impacting some other level, in the two headings, and accordingly the term equal handling has be utilized. In this manner when given the equivocal dalmation figure, information driven handling alone can't sort out the boost into an unmistakable example, however subsequent to being determined what to search for, the assignment is handily unraveled. A significant accomplishment of our visual framework is the formation of a three dimensional reality, from a level retinal picture. Profundity signals depict how this is accomplished. There is proof to propose that profundity signals in less complex creatures, for example, lizards is inborn (see Spery, 1943; refered to in Coren et al, 1994). Visual bluff trials show that profundity signs are utilized by a wide scope of exceptionally youthful creatures (Walk and Gibson, 1961; refered to in Gleitman, 1999). Binocular profundity observation has been found in people as youthful as four months( Granrud, 1986; refered to in Coren et al 1994). Be that as it may, profundity discernment is improved, likewise with dim raised little cats, through getting the hang of during touchy periods in a creatures advancement (see Tees, 1974; refered to in Coren et al, 1994). Monocular or pictorial profundity prompts, for example, impediment and natural size offer data about relative separations in our general surroundings. Since these prompts are found out they should be instances of top down procedures. As proof of this Turnbull (1961; refered to in Chandler.) found that woodland abiding dwarfs, unused to conditions requiring long range profundity discernment, applied size steadiness just over short separations. They deciphered a distant group of wild ox as creepy crawlies. Other scholarly signs are surface inclinations, stature in the plane, straight and flying point of view Binocular profundity prompts are currently accepted to be physiological. These incorporate settlement, intermingling, retinal size and stereopsis. Julesz (1959) outlined that the visual framework can recreate three dimensional discernment from irregular dab stereograms , without some other profundity signals. This happens when the visual framework can match and wire the different pictures in every retina. At the end of the day, stereopsis produces structure and not the reverse way around. On the side of this Bishop and Pettigrew (1986; refered to in Coren et al, 1994) found divergence tuned indicators in the in the visual cortex of felines. Marr and Poggio (1976) tackled the coordinating issue of how the visual framework can coordinate which component in every eye see have a place together, and how elective fusional potential outcomes are dispensed with. Proof of neurons that react to crossed (close) and uncrossed (far) incongruities have been found in monkeys (Poggio and Fischer, 1997; refered to in coren et al, 1994). Their computational hypothesis shows the degree of multifaceted nature that a programmed and base up process is able to do, and drove the route for improvements in object acknowledgment. Their model of article acknowledgment considers a 3 dimensional portrayal that is free of the eyewitnesses perspective. Prior models, for example, format coordinating speculations were jumbled by the tremendous variety that any one article has in three measurements. It is critical to take note of that different profundity signs might be utilized on the double, and the adequacy of a specific prompt will be controlled by its unwavering quality previously. Ittleson (1951; refered to in Coren et al, 1994) gave members distinctive measured playing a game of cards in a dull room. Since all other profundity signs were deficient with regards to the biggest cards were seen as being nearer, consequently representing how retinal size was deciphered as far as past experience (recognizable size). Our capacity to consolidate profundity signals at that point is found out. Biedermans Geon hypothesis of article acknowledgment (1987, 1990) is an advancement of computational speculations. It lessens the data about the parts of a visual item to 36 fundamental shapes or Geons, which are coordinated in the drawn out memory. The achievement of the hypothesis depends on the comprehension of non-inadvertent properties, those parts of a recognition that don't change as we take a gander at an item from an alternate plots (for instance balance, equal lines, bend). Biedermans hypothesis clarifies object acknowledgment as comprising of different procedures. In this manner patients with visual agnosia can perceive each different part of an article: a brush made of handle and fibers, yet are unequipped for sorting out the highlights into a conspicuous entirety. In any case, the hypothesis depends on base up forms and doesn't clarify the significance of setting in object acknowledgment. This was delineated by Bruner et al (1951; refered to in Eysenck, M. 1998) who found that theories or desires (top down procedures) may impact impression of shading. In this way playing a game of cards of sporadic hues, for example, dark hearts, were accounted for as earthy colored or purple. The suggestion is that base up handling is utilized in ideal survey conditions, and enhanced by top down procedures, in under ideal review conditions. Gregory (1970, 1980) a constructivist, utilized the Muller-Lyer figment to delineate how setting may be applied to recognition, for this situation regarding twisted size consistency. He recommends that the line that shows up as longer helps us to remember within corner of a room, subsequently we decipher it as further away than the other figure. Since the retinal pictures are a similar size, the visual framework erroneously surmises that the line on the privilege must be greater. Examinations detailed in 1966 by Segall, Campbell and Herskovitz (refered to in Chandler) proposed that the M㠯⠿â ½ller-Lyer hallucination might be missing or diminished among individuals who experience childhood in right-point free situations. This would for sure be proof for information driven impact on discernment. In any case, Gross (1992; refered to in Eysenck,M. 1998) found the equivalent fanciful impact when the bolts were supplanted with different shapes, that couldn't speak to the 3D corners. Helmholtz, and later Gregory (1978) and Rock (1983) embody the Intelligent Perception approach. In their view, visual impression of room goes past the picture itself to incorporate past understanding and constant subjective preparing procedures. The primary issue with the constructivist approach is that a considerable lot of the top down impacts depicted are delivered in a lab, under brief presentation in conditions expelled from regular day to day existence. As Tulving et al (1964; refered to in Gleitman, 1999) discovered, top down proc

How to Find Research Paper Examples

How to Find Research Paper ExamplesResearch paper examples come in many varieties. So, when one is seeking advice, he/she should be able to choose the best options for him/her from among the range of options available. To make this possible, several steps need to be followed:o First, it is important to identify the types of topics that require research. The research paper examples must highlight the kind of research that is required. For example, if a student wants to have a research about meat, then the research paper examples that can be selected must be the same. Similarly, for the students who want to study about gender, then the options they get for him/her should be the same.o Then, a student should search for good research paper examples. He/she must look at these papers carefully and then compare the findings with the principles and other details provided by the student himself.o Next, a student should check if the option is easy to understand and follow. The options must inc lude the steps that the student should take to carry out the research project and those which the student must use to gather all the required data.o Thirdly, the student should also focus on the key area of the research project. It is important to do this because a student's project will differ, depending on the type of his/her interests.Fourthly, the student should not waste his time on research which is superficial or which is not detailed research. In fact, this is considered bad research. So, this means that when a student applies for an online degree, he/she should be aware of the consequences of having this kind of research.The research paper examples that are selected must be ones that can be understood by students. The papers must be produced in the language that the students can understand.These are some of the guidelines that must be followed for selecting good research paper examples. This will help students choose the correct paper as well as making sure that the final o utcome of the paper will be convincing.

Thirteen Rules of Basketball - James Naismith

Basketball is an original American game invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891. He designed it with rules of its own. These are the rules published in January 1892 in the school newspaper where he instituted the game. The rules set out a game that is a non-contact sport played indoors. They are familiar enough that those who enjoy basketball over 100 years later will recognize it as the same sport. While there are other, newer rules, these still form the heart of the game. Original 13 Rules of Basketball by James Naismith 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.Current rule: This is still a current rule, except that now the team isnt allowed to pass it back over the midcourt line once they have taken it over that line. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.Current rule: This is still a current rule. 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.Current rule: Players can dribble the ball with one hand as they run or pass, but they cant run with the ball when catching a pass. 4.  The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.Current rule: Still applies, it would be a traveling violation. 5.  No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.Current rule: These actions are fouls and a player may be disqualified with five or six fouls or get an ejection or suspension with a flagrant foul. 6.  A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5.Current rule: Still applies. 7.  If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).Current rule: Instead of an automatic goal, sufficient team fouls (five in a quarter for NBA play) now award bonus free throws attempts to the opposing team. 8.  A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do no touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.Current rule: In the original game, the basket was a basket and not a hoop with a net. This rule evolved into the goaltending and defense pass interference rules. Defenders cant touch the rim of the hoop once the ball has been shot. 9.  When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.Current rule: The ball is now thrown in by a player from the opposite team of the player who last touched it before it went out of bounds. The 5-second rule is still operative. 10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.Current rule: In NBA basketball, there are three referees. 11.  The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.Current rule: Timekeepers and scorekeepers now do some of these tasks, while the referee determines ball possession. 12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.Current rule: This varies by the level of play, such as high school and collegiate. In the NBA, there are four quarters, each 12 minutes long, with a 15-minute halftime break. 13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner.  Current: The winner is now decided by points. In the NBA, five-minute overtime periods are played in case of a tie at the end of the fourth quarter, with the point total at the end determining the winner. If still tied, they play another overtime period. More: The History of Basketball and Dr. James Naismith

Case Study Alzheimer’S Disease. Mary Wipf. Phgy 220- Gerald

Case Study: Alzheimer’s Disease Mary Wipf PHGY 220- Gerald McGraw April 2, 2017 In the world, there are new cases of dementia for somewhere between 10 and 15 people per 1000. Five to eight per 1000 are cases of Alzheimer’s. Dementia is a term that simply defines a mentally deteriorated condition. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common cause of dementia in older people. Alzheimer’s is a disease of the brain and it has little impact on the body beyond what happens as an indirect result of behavior associated with the disease. Because it is often secondary results of Alzheimer’s Disease that cause death, such as pneumonia and†¦show more content†¦Genetics are believed to play a part in being susceptible to getting Alzheimer’s disease. As Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn write, â€Å"One form of Alzheimer’s disease is caused by an inherited mutation in the gene for APP, which suggests that too much beta-amyloid may be tox ic† (416). Other factors believed to be contributing to getting Alzheimer’s disease are high blood pressure, head injuries, and depression. Alzheimer’s disease is not contagious and therefore is not communicable disease. Initial signs and symptoms are rather mild during the early stages. It might not be noticeable at first. They are not exactly the same for everyone, but most people have difficulty learning new things and recalling pieces of new information. As it progresses, victims of the disease forget more and more information. They struggle to communicate and travel as they’re increasingly unable to remember important information needed for these functions. In the latest stages, Alzheimer’s patients lose even more of their memory, which makes it hard for them to perform even the most basic functions, such as walking and eating. They have difficulty sleeping, they get agitated, they hallucinate, and they have to be helped in almost any and all endeavors, even to the most basic of functions. (this paragraph all from https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/info/20007/types_of_dementia/2/alzheimers_disease/2) Currently, treatment of the disease consists of maintaining mental functions and managing behavioral

The Importance of the First Two Scenes in King Lear

The Importance of the First Two Scenes in King Lear King Lear, as I see it, confronts the perplexity and mystery of human action. (Shakespeares Middle Tragedies, 169) As the previous quotation from the scriptures of Maynard Mack implies, King Lear is a very complex and intricate play which happens to be surrounded by a lot of debate. The folio of 1623, which was, as is well known, edited by two of Shakespeares fellow actors (Notes and Essays on Shakespeare, 242), contains not only historical errors, but errors which pertain to certain characters speaking other characters lines. Amidst all the controversy one fact can be settled upon by all; King Lear is one of Shakespeares best tragedies.†¦show more content†¦The fact that the two most important pieces of plot information are structuralized in the two opening scenes of the play add a profound amount of credit towards Marilyn Frenchs opinion that everything about the play hangs on the first two scenes. The plot of King Lear is not the only part of the play that rests on the first two scenes. An enormous amount of the dialogue is specifically used to reveal the values and morals of each character. It is very important to know the values that each character has in order to have a greater understanding of why the play unfolds the way it does. For example, it would be hard to believe that Goneril and Reagan could be so contemptible to their own father, without the incident in the first scene where both Goneril and Reagan show that they are morally corrupt, by making exaggerated claims of love and devotion to their father. The first scene plays a huge role in disclosing the views of Lear, Goneril, Reagan, and Cordelia while the second scene exposes Edmund for what he really is. The views of King Lear himself are more apparent in the first scene than the views of any other character. When the play starts out, Lear is very much in control of his kingdom but the very first scene gives us a hint of how Lear is going to loseShow MoreRelatedImportance of Self Knowledge and Forgiveness in King Lear Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe importance of self-knowledge and forgiveness is strikingly obvious in the play King Lear. If we accept that the two characters most lacking in self-knowledge are Lear and Gloucester, we can examine how the importance of this quality for them is shown in the play. Whilst these two characters lack self-knowledge, the world around them quickly deteriorates. 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Trait Emotional Intelligence and Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Trait Emotional Intelligence and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: The main argument in this article is that in order to adapt to the complex variables and balance the cultural diversity in an environment, the leaders has to become flexible to the context. According to the author of this article, there are different leadership style for different context and but the situation model of leadership is adaptable to any situation. This means that leader deals with the situation based on the way situation arrives. The article also indicates that in other leadership style, the leader plays the role of motivating others to get the job done but it remains difficult for leaders to connect to people with his/her style. For example, in autocratic leadership, leaders often find it difficult to manage the situation, due to poor understanding of the situation caused by lack of communication. Thereby, Doyle and Hungerford (2015) arguably mentioned that situational model of leadership is appropriate because here the leaders communicate with others and adapt to the s ituation to achieve the goals. In addition, in order to achieve the ultimate goals, the leaders react to the context the way it demands. Another significant argumentative point in the article is that author claims that in other leadership style, the leaders follow a particular style and set of principles to gain the outcome but in Situational leadership, the leaders create new principles that are relevant to situation only. The reader of this article need to be aware of the fact that such situational leadership style can be applied to some particular situations only such as the Australian context where the indigenous people are reluctant to follow particular principles of one individual. Thus, to gain the outcome, leaders develop their principles the way people want it. Another fact is that the article considers only one situation- a mental health nurse but to rely on authors statement, a few more situations or context required. The article did not provide any data where it is proved that other leadership style are not appropriate for indigenous people in Australia. On the other side, the article did not provide any particular method or activity that leader applied and derived the desired outcome. So it can be assumed that if the sample size involves a few more but different types of population, the result could be different.The author conducted the research to identify how a situational model of leader ship can resolve the issues such as addressing the complex needs such as mental health, self-harm and violence of indigenous people in Australia. The author uses qualitative research method where one particular respondent was involved to collect feedback and examine the issue. With the help of a narrative research approach, the author used the personal reflection to identify the issues. The research questions cover the leadership skills and type of leadership required. Particular, the author used spoken words, storytelling method and visual presentation. The narrative research approach used in the article by the validation of the audience and the method is appropriate because it is a significant part of social science investigation. However, this method may not always stand alone for evidence and support for the support of implication of the research because this method has to be accepted on its own merit such as the individual experience.The ultimate finding of the article helps to state that when a context of indigenous people requires the need for adoption to complex variables and balance of cultural diversity, leadership style must include an extending focus of mindfulness. The findings also imply that there could many situations with varied context, and to deal those different contexts, different leadership style should be implemented. The study particularly discovered that leadership, especially in the indigenous perspective, should be acceptable and owned by both the leader and the people living in the communities in Australia. The findings assure that such leadership style is suitable for the betterment of indigenous people in Australia and even it is appropriate for all who follow indigenous culture. Finally, it can be concluded when a situation consists of complex issues, the need for cultural diversity and social expectation, the leadership style should be flexible to both the people around the leader and the leader himself/herself. Identifying and discussing main ideas in this article relevant to themes The idea gained from this article is how leadership can be developed and applied to resolve issues and bring situation under control. Theme was to resolve the issues such as complex variables, maintaining diversity and other issues in the indigenous community in Australia. Thus, to deal with situation, the idea of discussing different leadership style and then applying a suitable one, which is relevant to the context, is appropriate. Another idea gained from this article is how leadership is important for smaller organizational context such as motivation. Furthermore, it is also observed that situational consideration and core beliefs can influence a leadership style in the work context. The core idea associated with aim of the research is how leadership can contribute to the betterment of any complex context including the workplace or the community. The article entirely focused on the fact that how indigenous leadership can be helpful for future leaders when they are dealing with a complex situation of managing people. So, the theme was to identify the importance of leadership in organizational context and how leadership can be enhanced to overcome the situational challenges. The idea provided in the article indicates that leadership style can be developed by incorporating culture and beliefs into the approaches. For example, if a manager of Coles in Australia is sent to a Middle East nation, where the company operates. Several issues such as cultural differences, work habit and timing could be different in the host nation from Australia. In such context, the manager or leader cannot just command people to get the work done. Here, the leader has to embrace the culture and trends of that particular region in Middle East. The leader must show that he/she respects and values the regional culture. Understanding the culture, trends, beliefs, the leader has to develop principles of work that are acceptable to the people work there for the company.The real management dilemma and problems are usually dynamic but an organization could face the issue of racial discrimination, workplace diversity where people do not say or do things that against their culture and belief. The organization could face the issue where the employees do not find the leadership comfortable. In such context, leadership values, ethics and beliefs should be incorporated or aligned with the belief and culture that people working in the organization follow. Such practice makes people understand that their organization values their opinions and beliefs; So, employee develop a sense of trust on the leaders and their leadership style. In order to deal with any complex situation in the workplace, it is always mandatory for the leaders to understand the needs of that particular such as what the situation actually demands. Likewise, based on the type of situation, the leadership should react or develop their leadership principle. For example, an autocratic leadership style may not be suitable for situations where people of different cultural background work together. In such situation, the leader has to develop a healthy communication with the people. Thereby, the people at the workplace understand that their leader is supportive, approachable and respect other belief.Indirect Quote: Threshold of emotion-based self-evaluation required for holding managerial positions is specifically high for women; the women with high emotional self-perception could pursue managerial profession (Siegling, Nielsen Petrides, 2014, p.67)Direct Quote: In their research title Emotional intelligence, leadership effectiveness, and team out comes Melita Prati, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter and Buckley (2003, p.23) asserted that In addition to the changes in leader roles, employees have been placed in positions of self-management, and are held directly accountable for their performance. Many are required to work in teams in order to accomplish complex organizational objectives. References Siegling, A. B., Nielsen, C., Petrides, K. V. (2014). Trait emotional intelligence and leadership in a European multinational company.Personality and Individual Differences,65, 65-68. Melita Prati, L., Douglas, C., Ferris, G. R., Ammeter, A. P., Buckley, M. R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, leadership effectiveness, and team outcomes. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 21-40. Doyle, K. and Hungerford, C., 2015. Leadership as a personal journey: An indigenous perspective.Issues in mental health nursing,36(5), pp.336-345

How to Define an Essay

What is an essay? The term â€Å"essay† was introduced in the 16th  century by writer Michel de Montaigne. Since then, many bright minds tried to give a precise definition to this literary form but no universal variant was formulated yet.The reason for that is the slippery nature of this type of writing, which appears to be in a shapeless form with a loose structure and a vast variety of subjects that may be covered.An essay can be informal, relaxed and humorous. It can also be formal, impersonal and even dogmatic.The voice of each piece of writing, its fictional qualities and the reader’s role may vary drastically.Each writer treats an essay as a literary form, which is to be shaped according to his unique vision.Usually, this composition is brief but again, due to the flexible nature, some essays can be quite voluminous.The five-paragraph structure is most preferable. Yet, the number of paragraphs can be increased until the point when the author manages to convey the main message.The essay may be written in the first-person point of view (I, ours, mine) but third-person (people, he, she) is preferable in most academic papers.The majority of texts composed in this literary genre is written in prose but there are pieces of writing in verse that are also called essays.How famous writers describe an essayInterestingly, each essayist has his own definition of what an essay is.Aldous Huxley: One damned thing after another. A literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything.Francis Bacon: â€Å"Dispersed meditations.†Samuel Johnson: Loose sally of the mind. An irregular, indigested piece, not a regular and orderly performance.Edward Hoagland: Greased pig.George Dillon: Attempts to convince the reader that its model of experience of the world is valid.Yoshida KenkÃ… : Nonsensical thoughts written in idle hours.The purpose of an essayAn essay is truly versatile and can be effectively utilized in many settings. It can easily be used as the follo wing pieces of writings:literary criticismpolitical manifestsdiscussionsobservationsrecollectionsreflectionsIn many countries, essays became a major part of the educational system. Evaluation of the writing skills is used to assess the performance of students in almost all educational establishments worldwide. The number of academic essay types is impressive. To name a few, students are required to write the following literary forms:expository essaydescriptive essayargumentative essaynarrative essayreflective essayprocess essaycause and effect essaycompare and contrast essayclassification and division essayHistory can be studied and may be better understood through essays written by different authors from the past and theorists in the present.What’s more, the concept of an â€Å"essay† has been now used in other media, which does not imply writing. For example, the phrase â€Å"film essay† sounds natural in the filmmaking industry as much as the phrase â€Å"ph otographic essay† in a photographic environment.As we can see, the nature of an essay is vague but generally, it may be defined as a literary piece of writing the central idea behind which is a self-expression of the author.If you feel like you’re struggling with writing your own essay, contact us and get your paper written by a professional essay writing service. Make your life easier and more fun!

Getting Published on Kindle

Getting Published on Kindle Getting Published on Kindle Getting Published on Kindle By Simon Kewin Getting your work published onto Amazon’s Kindle eReader is really very easy.   Perhaps you’re a writer interested in self-publishing some of your work. Or you might simply want to learn more about the ePublishing revolution and how to get involved. In either case, doing so is actually very straightforward. Since January this year, Amazon’s Digital Text Platform (DTP) has been available in all countries, allowing you to upload your work and publish it in Amazon’s Kindle store. And since there are estimated to be 1.5 million Kindles in use, this represents a large potential market.   To get started you just need a standard customer Amazon account. You sign in with this at the DTP site and from there start uploading. You provide your manuscript in Microsoft Word or HTML format and Amazon will automatically convert it into the format used by the Kindle. You also need to provide some extra information about your work : title, description, language, keywords, categories, price, publishing date   and so forth. You also have the option of providing some cover artwork, which is recommended as it will make your published work much more eye-catching.   The whole process of providing these details is slick and friendly. There is also a lot of help available if you get stuck, in the form of FAQs and forums. You don’t have to get everything right first time. You can preview what you’ve uploaded, tweak things and then, when you’re happy with everything, click Publish. Doing so costs you nothing – although Amazon will take a cut of any sales you make.   It can take a day or two for your work to finally appear in the Amazon store, but once it’s there customers can start buying it for their Kindles. Each work gets its own page on the Amazon site, complete with all the usual options such as reader reviews and ratings.   In fact, publishing your work onto the Kindle is the easy part. The hard part is attracting potential readers to your work. Amazon’s system helps in that the description and categories you provide make it easier for potential readers to find you. However, to attract many readers, you will have to put effort into publicizing your work yourself.   Whether or not â€Å"self-publishing† (or, as some prefer to call it, â€Å"indie publishing†) like this is a sensible move for you as a writer is something only you can decide. You should be aware that a conventional publisher probably wouldn’t be interested in handling a book that has already been self-published in this way as first publication rights wouldn’t be available. But you might think it’s worthwhile to self-publish some pieces of work in the hope of building up a readership interested in finding out more about you and your other work.    This article only covers the Amazon Kindle and there are, of course, other eReaders out there (the iPhone, for instance). There are other services on the web, similar to Amazon’s, that allow you to self-publish your work for these other devices. But Amazon’s DTP provides a good place to start if you’re interested in exploring the world of ePublishing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowHow to spell "in lieu of"Kn- Words in English

Nonverbal behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nonverbal behaviour - Essay Example Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior that is important in our culture and other because it confirms a person’s credibility. Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior that could indicate love, hostility or friendliness towards another individual. Hence, the way a person makes eye contact may indicate his intentions, which may be good or bad.  The non-verbal behavior that I once violated was eye contact; it was when I was dropped out of school, it was very difficult for me to make an eye contact to my family that includes my parents’ and siblings. When I initiated conversation with my parents’ and siblings telling them about the school incident, I was continuously staring at the ground without making any eye contact due to fear and confusion. The responses I expect from my family vary a lot. My parent’s reaction was different as compared to my siblings. My parents were angry and sad, but my siblings found my behavior funny or full of lies. Hence, I got two diff erent reactions from my family. According to the expectancy violation theory, no verbal communication is the exchange of messages, which can violate the expectation of another individual, which can be taken negatively depending on the strength of ratio ship between the two people who are communicating. Thus, through my behavior I do violate the expectations of my parents and siblings. As a result, of my attitude, the outcome of my communication is perceived negatively. Because, â€Å"we learn what we consider being appropriate through our interactions with others and our culture"(Burgoon, 1993). Eye gaze is one of the most important variables in American as well as, other cultures. Eye contact is considered bad between a boy and a girl in many societies; however, in some cultures it is regarded as highly offensive if a person does not make an eye contact during a conversation. Consequently, this rule varies from culture to culture. A person working for a business should possess str ong non verbal communication skills, or it will be regarded as highly inappropriate. In the similar way, if we do not make eye contact with our teachers at school or college level, it will be regarded as a sign of weakness in a person’s personality. Eye contact is a strong way of communicating, a quick glance and an aggressive stare both are form of eye contacts but send different messages. One should be extremly careful as to when, how and where to use eye gaze as different cultures perceive it differently and could build a lot of misunderstanding between people. In business, one should not continuously stare another person while talking, instead staring, nodding and smiling would send appropriate messages to a business partner. Moreover, blinking fast and not making a proper eye contact could show feelings of nervousness and lack of confidence. Furthermore, in our culture long and stern stares send messages of animosity and hostility. In the same way, staring a stranger in some European countries is depicted as showing interest; on the other hand, in our society it would be taken as being disrespectful. In Asian countries in particular, brief eye contact is acceptable especially while talking to teachers, parents or business environments it shows kindness and respectfulness. Similarly, in Muslim cultures, communicating with a lower eye gaze is

Is There a Union Revitalisation in Europe and North America Essay

Is There a Union Revitalisation in Europe and North America - Essay Example It cannot be assumed that union revitalization will happen hassle-free. There have been signs of worker self- aggrandizement in certain areas, but there have also been instances of total relapse into passivity in certain spheres. But a new phenomenon that is emerging is the structural changes that have been happening on the union front, and if viewed from the backdrop, it can be argued that there is union revitalization in a new form in Europe and UK. The global alliances that are emerging in labor sector, the increased presence of women, and ethnic minorities in the global workforce, and the new forms of workers organizations like the ‘worker centers’ of USA, have been some indicators of change. Taking into account all these new factors and influences, we can argue that there is a non-traditional kind of union revitalisation in Europe and North America. North America and the European Union have been depending more and more on immigrant laborers to meet their workforce n eeds. There are also attempts going on to assimilate these migratory workers into the host country’s mainstream workforce. In the United States, one in five people is from another nationality (Ohlemacker, 2007). In 2006, the BBC reported that 70,000 people were waiting to get citizenship in the UK (BBC News, 2006). The European Union has made it mandatory for its member nations, â€Å"a ‘duty of equality’ in regard to pay† (Healy and Heery, 2004: p.4). This has opened up a whole lot of equal opportunities and has thus increased the social diversity of the workforce (Healy and Heery 2004: p.4). Women and migrant workers from developing countries have been getting better representation in the wok force in Europe, as a result of this. As this phenomenon alters the social landscape of the work force, it has influenced the general state of towards trade unionism as well. For example, â€Å"the creation of low-paid, insecure, temporary and part-time jobs, which are disproportionately filled by women, minority ethnic citizens and young people† has resulted in a weakening of the bargaining power of the workers and also an increase in â€Å"poverty and†¦ unemployment† among such vulnerable groups (Healy and Heery, 2004, pp.17). In such a scenario, the question is whether the conventional trade unions are waking up to face the new challenges and organize the totally changed work force. There are divergent opinions on this issue. Johnson and Jarley (2004) have drawn attention to the re-emergence of â€Å"social movement unionism in the United States with rhetoric centering on demands for ‘work place dignity’ and ‘social justice’† (543-44). Ongoing rejuvenation efforts inside the trade unions are supposed to aim at reforms that will change the attitude of trade unions â€Å"from passive service organizations, bulti largely on an economic exchange logic with members, to active organising-driven unions, built on a logic of social exchange† (Johnson and Jarley 2004: 544; Heery 2001; Turner and Hurd 2001). In the UK, it has been observed that decentralization of public sector enterprises into local level management, has led to new feelings of insecurity among the workers and has become a â€Å"catalyst for union revival† (Calveley and Healy 2003: 98).  

Intelligence Definition Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Definition Essay Evaluate Spearman’s contribution to our understanding of Intelligence. Plan: * Introduction – definition of intelligence, and say what I am going to be talking about * Paragraph one /two– outline Spearman’s theory * Paragraph three/four – evaluate how organisations use Spearman’s theory * Paragraph five – evaluate strengths and weaknesses compared to Gardners theory * Conclusion – relate back to the question Essay Intelligence can be defined as â€Å"the capability of individuals to process information to behave effectively within the environment they are in and learn from previous experiences. † (Arnold 2010). Spearman in the 1900s came up with the General Intelligence Theory. Within this essay I am going to evaluate Spearman’s theory of general intelligence by looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. Firstly, looking at how Spearman’s theory can be applied to organisations, then comparing it with Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences. Spearman (1900’s) developed the theory of general intelligence. Spearman’s research followed that of Binet, who was commissioned by the school system in France to develop a way to differentiate those students who were uneducable, or severely mentally handicapped, from other students. Binet developed an intelligence test to do so. This test consisted of items (questions) that required complex processes of the mnd and examined the comprehensive individual. The success of Binet’s test led to a much greater question: what exactly are these tests measuring? The claim was that they were measuring intelligence. This led to debates about what intelligence was. In endeavouring to answer this question, Spearman observed that schoolchildren’s grades across seemingly unrelated subjects were positively correlated. He then administered different types of test to many people. A statistical analysis of the results showed that there was a positive correlation between the tests for any given individual. In other words, if an individual performed well on a test of verbal abilities, then that same person also performed well on another test of a different cognitive ability, such as numerical reasoning. Spearman named this positive correlation ‘g’, that is ‘general intelligence’. He argued that ‘g’ was identified by using a large battery (number) of tests, that is ‘g’ was not measured perfectly by any single test. His work led to others trying to create tests that would assess this general underlying ability. Spearman was the first researcher to use factor analysis (a statistical test that he developed to identify underlying commonalities, or ‘factors’). His theory is sometimes called the Two Factor Theory as he concluded that intelligence consisted of two factors. The first of these he called the ‘g’ factor, that is general intelligence that influenced all round performance. The second of these he called the ‘s’ factor, for specific abilities, which he used to account for differences between scores on different tasks, including test-specific factors such as the impact of light, temperature, the time of day that the test was given. Spearman’s major contribution lies in his ideas about general intelligence, particularly the idea that general intelligence influences all round performance. Spearman’s ideas about general intelligence continue to influence the development of cognitive testing today. And it is in the area of testing that organisations most benefit from Spearman’s work. Specifically, the idea that there is one general intelligence influences much of the testing in selection processes within organisations. For example, many organisations use cognitive testing (verbal and numerical critical reasoning) at early stages in their selection process to filter out those candidates that do not perform at the level required. Following Spearman’s theory more thoroughly could suggest that organisations might be justified in basing their selection activities entirely on a measure of general intelligence. However, this would lack credibility, or face validity, for the candidates, and for many managers. Indeed, some would argue strongly that there are more particular skills that they want candidates to demonstrate that are more directly relevant to the particular job. A major weakness of Spearman’s general intelligence theory is that it can be misunderstood, leading for example to the idea that if an individual is good at one aspect of work they must be good at another aspect. For example, a computer programmer may be very good at their job, however when they are asked to write a report they may feel way out of their comfort zone and will perform badly. However, Spearman is not arguing about ability to perform a task. Rather, he is arguing that ‘general intelligence’ explains a person’s ability across a range of cognitive tests. At this point, there is value in contrasting Gardner’s (1980’s) theory of Multiple Intelligences, which could give us a better understanding of intelligence. Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s general intelligence theory (Mullins, 2010). Instead, he thought that there are many types of intelligence and if an individual excels in one topic, it doesn’t mean they excel at everything. Theses intelligences included: Musical, Numeracy, Literacy, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Linguistic. Gardner found, therefore, that individuals can be intelligent in different areas. It might be argued that the value for an organisation would be a test that identified the particular kind of intelligence that each individual has. In conclusion Spearman’s theory of general intelligence has had a significant influence on how selection testing is designed and carried out within organisations. The desire to predict performance before hiring a new employee favours the idea that there is one general intelligence that can be assessed by a battery of cognitive tests. However, new theories such as Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory (1980’s) and Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence, challenge such a perspective.

A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America Essay -- health, pr

Abortion refers to a medical procedure which at times is surgical, that is used to terminate an ongoing pregnancy by expulsion of the placenta and the fetus before it is mature or viable. There are several reasons why abortion may be procured. Some reasons could be personal in the case of a pregnancy that was not planned for, others could be medical. Medical reasons could be a wide range but focusing on the health of the mother or the baby. If carrying a pregnancy to term would affect the health of the mother either physically or mentally an abortion would be recommended (Solinger 2005).cited with MLA styles When abortion is done in consideration to the health of the unborn child it is when it’s determined that the child could have dire mental or physical disabilities. The mode and means undertaken to perform the process depend on how advanced the pregnancy is, the safety and also in some cases the legality. Abortion has been performed for long periods of time and has been passed over the generations. The methods used have evolved over these generations with some proving fatal and others working like they had been expected to. In recent times, abortion can be performed safely due to numerous advances in technology and in medicine. Before 1973 abortion was not legal in the U.S and various methods were used in procuring abortions. Some of these were crude in every sense and were performed in back-alleys either, by medical professionals or by crooks (Solinger 2005). Many a time, they proved fatal to the young women who sought them and resulted in death. Some died of the abortion procedure itself while many more died of infections after the procedure. As a result, many women struggled to keep abortions a secret due to its i... ...urces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. . Blake, J.. "Abortion And Public Opinion: The 1960-1970 Decade." Science 171.3971 (1971): 540-549. Print. Halfmann, Drew. "Historical Priorities And The Responses Of Doctors' Associations To Abortion Reform Proposals In Britain And The United States, 1960-1973." Social Problems 50.4 (2003): 567-591. Print. Hull, N. E. H., and Peter Charles Hoffer.Roe v. Wade: the abortion rights controversy in American history. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2001. Print. Williams, Mary E.. Abortion: opposing viewpoints. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Print. Brown, James. "Study findings from Linkoping University broaden understanding of induced abortion.." New York Times 22 Apr. 2010: 45-47. Print. Alphabetize and indent all 2nd, 3rd of citation Italicize tittle of books

Importance of Listening

Listening is part of communication and language arts. There are fights and miscommunications because nobody has the time to listen. This is a very important tool to avoid misconceptions and misunderstanding. Careful listening gives individual good and accurate information. Every individual should develop their listening skills. Until the 1940’s, no one seems to have thought that skillful listening required any particular training. Two causes have produced a changed attitude toward listening. First, there has been enormous expansion in the means of transmitting the spoken voice: by disc record, tape recording, radio, television, sound motion pictures, and videotapes. Second, there has been increased interest in group discussion, as shown partly by the conferences, conventions, and workshops that are held, and by the many discussion programs on the air. The language system encompasses the language of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The acquisition of these skills follows a general sequence of development: (1) listening, (2) speaking, (3) reading, and (4) writing. The different language forms have a core language system that underlies and integrates the four elements of language. Experiences with each language form strengthen the underlying language system, which in turn influences an individual’s facility in each language form. Numerous situations in everyday living require skillful listening. For example, informal conversation, social and business telephoning; interviews; taking part in conferences; listening to speeches, lectures, readings, reports, and plays; and following oral directions. From the young child, who gains much of his or her knowledge from speech activities in the classroom, to the courtroom lawyer, whose success depends largely on understanding what is said, the art of listening is a language skill vital to each person’s life and work. Good listening enlarges the listener’s command of language. Through listening to speeches, poetry, and plays, a person can gain an appreciation of literature and of the spoken language. Through reading and listening have similar problems, listeners face two special conditions. First, they must grasp the meaning at once; there is no opportunity to reflect on what was said or to go back and review it. Second, listeners are directly affected by the personality of the speaker, whose voice, gestures, and presence are often as important as the words being spoken. Thus, there are good reasons for training people to listen effectively. To be most effective, listening must meet four requirements. Listening must be focused; listeners cannot be half-hearted in their attention. 2. Listening must be exact; listeners must grasp precisely what has been said, not some vague notion of it. They must be able to take hold of the content, including the sequence of parts and their relationship to the whole. 3. Listening must be aware. Listeners must be critics as well as receivers; they must be able to distinguish the essential from the nonessential; they must be as objective as possible, alert for bias in themselves as well as in the speaker. 4.Listening must be courteous; listener owes the speaker respect and interest. In education, listening is an element of the language system that has been neglected by educators. Although concern for the instruction of speaking and reading, is common, the student’s ability to listen has been taken for granted. Students are typically expected to acquire this ability without special instructions. The fact is, however, that many students   do not acquire functional skills in listening by themselves. According to medical hearing specialists, over half the people referred to them for suspected deafness have no defect in hearing acuity and no organic pathology that would cause their seeming hearing impairment. Listening is a basic skill that can be improved through teaching and practice. Compared with the quantity of research in reading, research in listening is minuscule. One explanation for poor listening skills is that students and people today are so bombarded with constant sound that may have actually learned to â€Å"tune out† what they do not wish to hear, and they have become skillful at not listening.

China And Africa Term Paper

Africa is a continent with vast untapped and unexploited natural resources, and China due to its growing economy; has a demand for these resources. China has therefore helped Africa to re-establish it self as source of valuable commodities for the Global market and also assisted to put a focus on Africa’s politics and why it remains poor (Snow 1998, 64). China’s interest in Africa is empirical and obvious; it needs to secure oil for its fast growing economy and Africa is open to the idea, in inference to the opportunity of foreign investment. Chinese industries rely heavily on imported raw materials, for example, Zambia abundantly supplies copper and the Democratic Republic of Congo supplies cobalt and precious metals like diamonds. For China, Africa is a safety value for its growing population. In the past India merchants have prospered for long in Africa and today Chinese migrant traders are increasingly concerning the markets. There are Chinatowns increasingly popping up in various parts of the African continent, where cheap commodities like shoes, house-hold wares and cloths are being dumped (Dan 2009, 121). The Chinese investor has targeted oil rich countries, constructing infrastructure for them, with the fallacy of dishing out big loans, while the labor and equipments are been imported from China. China presents it self as a poor nation so as to gain alliances with the 50 plus African nations in the global summits- what a personal contradiction. These alliances ensure that China gets votes in the UN General assembly, consistently making Africa very useful both economically and politically. Because the votes could help China in the future, if ever there would arise a row over Taiwan and many other sanctions. In return Africa gets booming trade with China, export of raw materials and this helps the African economies to grow. The intellectual autonomy China has over Africa is that, Africa continues to export unprocessed goods and its industries continue to diminish, leaving a lot of locals unemployed. For example the collapse of various textile industries, factories and local manufactures, while China’s industries flourish because they have both supply of raw material and market for their goods in Africa (Alden 2007, 56). But in comparison to the western companies, that have been known for their corrupt practices and undermining the Africans, the Chinese companies have been well received even though it is based on a fallacy that is not automatically visible to them. The Pros China has increasingly become a role model for Africa, because of its phenomenal economic growth. It has given inspiration to small African economies that they too can become important economic players in the global scene. The key lessons China offers Africa are as follows: China has a large domestic market which has served as a major stimulus for its innovations and economic growth. With that kind of inference, African countries are now focused on promoting regional integration, for example The East Africa Corporation, so as to expand their internal markets. Africa is also learning from China that to experience economic growth, it must invest heavily in infrastructure as a foundation for economic renewal. And the positive attribute to this is that China is providing resources, in form of infrastructure, to support Africa. There has been increased investment in Science and Technology that has vastly assisted China experience an economic transformation. China has therefore given it self the mandate to strengthen the scientific infrastructure of the African continent, as well as increasing the admission of African students to its universities. For example, recently there was a launch of a postdoctoral program for African students and the study entails a package of $22000 worth of scientific equipments after the completion of the study. Africa is also learning from China that good governance can lead to consistency on economic growth. Africa took up multi-party democracy, because the world views western style of democracy as a prerequisite for economic growth. But it is empirical to state that it is inconclusive making it a fallacy. It takes concerted collective effort to foster any kind of growth. Western industrialized countries have therefore been offered new opportunities to engage with Africa on terms that are without prejudice, as they did before. Countries like the United Kingdom are responding with intuition to the challenge by seeking renewed relations, through regional integration bodies. The issues involved go beyond interest in natural resources and market for commodity, because the centre of global stability and security is fast emerging to be the African continent (Taylor 1998, 23). The Cons In another perspective, China’s involvement in Africa is being viewed as predatory, odious and brutish. Some African leaders like the former president of South Africa, Thambo Mbeki, have warned against China’s persistence in pushing for raw materials, they feel it is a new form of neo-colonialist adventure. That in exchange for its raw materials, Africa gets low quality imports and little attention to developing an impoverished continent. Human right groups in the 1980 had lobbied for certain ethical standards for western companies who were doing business in Africa. There was also a foreign corrupt practices Act which prohibited the United States companies from paying bribes to corrupt African government officials. Contrary to that effect, Chinese enterprises operate in Africa with no morals and ethical constraints. Based on the inferences like the relationship between Sudan and China, it is empirical to state that, China can deal with any rogue regime in Africa so long as its quest for raw materials is met and there is market for its commodities. This is because a state like Sudan has been in war and many of its Southerners displaced because of the civil war that has been in the country for several decades. Yet China supplies military arms to them so that it can have access to the oil that is available in Sudan. It also supplies arms to Zimbabwe, Ethiopia and other repressive governments, while using its veto power i n the UN, to block sanctions against the same tyrannical regimes (â€Å"The Economist† 2011). China secures its contracts through outright bribery. They offer to build presidential palaces (as was the case in Zimbabwe, Angola and Sudan) and sport stadiums in exchange for a major contract. To say that China’s deals are transparent is nothing but a theory which can be discounted by the facts against it: The deals are based on barter terms that are dictated by them. In such a case, there arise contradictions to the Sino- African agreement of 2006, where they stated a win-win situation for both parties. A good inference, is the exploration of oil in Nigeria, and in exchange China rebuilds its dilapidated railway system, while supplying all the necessary equipment and importing personnel from China at a price that they will determine. In such a case, there arise a great opportunity for exploitation and plunder of African rich resources. This is an outright contradiction to the agreement. Further more, the influx of Chinese products in to the African market has evidently led to the devastation of local industries, consequently leading to loss of employment for the African locals as factories closedown throughout the continent. One of the most affected areas is the textile industry, where Chinese synthetic fabrics flood the market replacing cotton that is readily available in Africa. These being the case, anti-Chinese sentiment are arising in different parts of Africa, a good example, in South Africa traders threatened not to sell Chinese manufactured goods, else where some Chinese workers in Africa have been attacked and even killed by local Africans. This is definitely a valid reason to question on the positive implications of the relationship between Africa and China. Intellectual autonomy is a matter of great concern in the increased engagement of China and Africa as it halts steps towards democratic accountability and better governance. The West may have extreme prejudice when dealing with nations that do not progress on these fronts, but China see’s that as an opportunity to strike a deal. In 2003, the IMF suspended a pledge of aid to Angola amounting to $ 2 billion, because of rampant corruption. China saw it as great opportunity to strike an oil deal with the Angola’s government, and as an incentive, they also offered the $ 2 billion for the aid that Angola required. The world views China’s intentions in Africa as noble, but its real intentions are known; to elbow out Western companies, to get access to resources at a cheaper price, seek untapped markets for the Chinese manufactured goods and dump its surplus population in Africa. The sheer acceptance of the Chinese workers and experts as part of the development package for the African nations is causing a spring up of Chinese communes across Africa. In Zambia the expatriates from China have reached a disturbing number of 100000, with Nigeria having a total of about 120000 and Namibia 40000, not forgetting that these numbers are increasing by the day. But the apparent thing is that the Chinese government has a secret plan called Chongqing Experiment, and it aim is to resettle over 12 million Chinese farmers on African soil; whether this is a mere theory is yet to be proven but the facts are overwhelming that such an experiment may exist. China has surely experienced rapid economic growth, but this has come with an immeasurable cost on the environment. So if Africa does not adopt low-carbon growth strategies, the economic transformation will not be realized. This is because development that impacts negatively on the environment is short lived as within no time the natural resources will be depleted leaving industries with no raw materials (Freeman 1975, 104). It is evident that China has assisted in propelling Africa’s economic growth rate, being the second largest trading partner, after United States. It is importing 1/3 of Africans crude oil and Africa needs the infrastructure being provided by China to rebuild its dilapidated infrastructure to increaser its economic productivity. But as China deepens its forays into Africa, the continent should be careful not to come from neo-colonialism, into a new form of neo-colonialism being offered by China.